Free Essays on Topologies

The word topology is commonly used to discuss the properties of various types of networks. It comes from the branch of mathematics that examines the characteristics of geometric shapes. Networks have shapes, and those shapes have much to do with how it functions. There are two different types of topology, physical and logical. The physical topology of a network is the actual layout or appearance of the cables and computer on the network. All physical topologies are variations of two fundamental methods of connecting devices, a point-to-point or multipoint. A point-to-point (PTP) topology connects two nodes together. The following examples are pure PTP: Two computers communicating via modems A mainframe terminal communicating with a front-end processor A workstation communicating along a parallel cable to a printer In a PTP link, two devices control the Communication medium. Because the medium is not shared with other devices, a mechanism is not needed to identify the computers. A simple PTP Two device has no need for addressing. A PTP can be simplex which the communication goes one way only. A half-duplex were the transmission goes two ways, but only one direction at a time, or a full-duplex were the transmission goes both ways simultaneously. If you wanted to link three or more devices together through a single communication medium you would probably use a multipoint topology. Multipoint works much like a party-line telephone service where several users are connected to the same line. Because they share a common channel, each device needs a way to identify itself and the device it wants to send information. The method that they use is by assigning addresses. The following four types of physical topologies are frequently used in computer networking: 1. Star 2. Bus 3. Ring 4. Hybrid The star topology is a popular method of connecting the cabling in a computer network. In a star, each device connects... Free Essays on Topologies Free Essays on Topologies The word topology is commonly used to discuss the properties of various types of networks. It comes from the branch of mathematics that examines the characteristics of geometric shapes. Networks have shapes, and those shapes have much to do with how it functions. There are two different types of topology, physical and logical. The physical topology of a network is the actual layout or appearance of the cables and computer on the network. All physical topologies are variations of two fundamental methods of connecting devices, a point-to-point or multipoint. A point-to-point (PTP) topology connects two nodes together. The following examples are pure PTP: Two computers communicating via modems A mainframe terminal communicating with a front-end processor A workstation communicating along a parallel cable to a printer In a PTP link, two devices control the Communication medium. Because the medium is not shared with other devices, a mechanism is not needed to identify the computers. A simple PTP Two device has no need for addressing. A PTP can be simplex which the communication goes one way only. A half-duplex were the transmission goes two ways, but only one direction at a time, or a full-duplex were the transmission goes both ways simultaneously. If you wanted to link three or more devices together through a single communication medium you would probably use a multipoint topology. Multipoint works much like a party-line telephone service where several users are connected to the same line. Because they share a common channel, each device needs a way to identify itself and the device it wants to send information. The method that they use is by assigning addresses. The following four types of physical topologies are frequently used in computer networking: 1. Star 2. Bus 3. Ring 4. Hybrid The star topology is a popular method of connecting the cabling in a computer network. In a star, each device connects...

Much Ado About Nothing

Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare is a delightful comedy which plays out a number of Shakespeares best loved themes: confusion between lovers, the battle of the sexes, and the restoration of love and marriage. It also features two of Shakespeares most formidable lovers: Benedick and Beatrice. These two characters spend the majority of the play bickering and thenas in all great romantic comediesfall in love in the final acts.Much Ado About Nothing begins in Messina, soon after the end of a war. A group of soldiers are returning, victorious. Amongst them are Don Pedro, Claudio (a handsome youth) and Benedick, who is known to be proficient both in the art of war and the art of speech. He is also a self-proclaimed woman-hater, who vows he will never settle down. Soon, Claudio falls in love with a noblemans daughter, Hero (a beautiful and quiescent young maiden), and they decide to marry. Heros elder sister, Beatrice, is unlike her sister in that she has a fast tongue. She and Benedick enjoy baiting each other as both are clever and witty.The lovers, along with the rest of Hero and Claudios wedding party, decide to bring Benedick and Beatrice together. They perceive, perhaps, that there is already a spark of love between them. By the time the wedding comes around, the two are very much in love. But love is never easy in Shakespeares plays, and on the eve of the wedding Don Pedros bastard brother, Don John, decides to break up the marriage before it begins by trying to convince Claudio that his betrothed has been unfaithful. Claudio goes on to the wedding and calls Hero a whore, disgracing her before the whole community. Beatrice and Heros father hide the poor girl, and let it be known that she has died from the shame that Claudio unfairly placed upon her. In the meantime, Don Johns henchmen are arrested by the local constable (whose malapropisms create a little comic relief) and the plot to besmirch Heros name is exposed.Claudio is wracked with grief. To make amends, he promises to marry Heros sister, Beatrice. However, when he reaches the altar and lifts his wifes veil, he finds that he is marrying the woman he thought to be dead. The wedding is made into a double celebration when Benedick and Beatrice also decide to tie the knot.The majority of the plot in Much Ado About Nothing revolves around Hero and Claudio, but Shakespeares dramatic sympathies remain very clear. Benedick and Beatrice are ever at the center of our attention. They get the most stage time, as well as the majority of the best lines. With their gentle bickering, they hope to expose the frailties not only of their opponent, but also of his or her entire gender. These interchanges are early examples of what would become the fast-paced exchanges in modern screwball comedy. With Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare also creates the first example of the romantic generic convention of the two romantic leads that love to hate each other. That they are tricked into loving each other is only possible because that love already resides in their hearts. They use their mutual animosity to cover their true feelings. Of course, Much Ado About Nothing is never simply just a romantic comedy. Rather, the play creates a lighter, more frivolous counterpart to some of his darker tragedies. For example, like Romeo and Juilet, we see a lover pretend to be dead, hoping for a Romantic reconciliation with the man to whom she is betrothed. Unlike that tragedy, however, the lover does not realize his mistake too late. The work is one of Shakespeares most serious comedies, and also one of his most human. The back-and-forth between Benedick and Beatrice, and the triumphant finale in which the divine grace of love is celebrated has had a feel-good effect on its audience down the centuries. Beautifully written, and beautiful in its conception, Much Ado About Nothing, is one of Shakespeares most delightful plays.

Employability and Consulting Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employability and Consulting Skills - Assignment Example Burberry has positioned itself as the most pioneering fashion brand in numerous product lines such as coats, leather goods, shoes, belts, jewelry, outwear, fragrance, beauty products. The company also provides licenses allowing third parties to manufacture and distribute products under the Burberry trademarks (Burberry Group plc, 2014). External Environment Post 2008 financial crisis, the current external environment is extremely challenging. Unemployment in the UK and the other developed economies is ruling at between 8-9 percent. Global competition has intensified in last couple of years and customers have been highly demanding in the sense that mass customization at competitive rates is a need of time. Overall, investments in Europe and the UK are not picking up restricting demand of the products. Moreover, Burberry has to compete with several established global brands such as Polo, Gucci, Armani, Coach and many others in fashion segment (Jacobson, 2012). Positioning and Customer Base Burberry competes with many fashion brands such as Polo, Gucci, Armani, Coach. The company competes with Polo in clothing business. Burberry has captured the upper-end market in comparison to Polo. Coach and Gucci are more focused on accessories while Armani and Polo target more on Apparel market; however, Burberry has been able to penetrate in both apparel and accessory market of the luxury goods. It can be said that Burberry's positioning is extremely competitive among other fashion brand products.

Watch the film A Taste of Honey (1961). Analyze the film as a work of Movie Review

Watch the film A Taste of Honey (1961). Analyze the film as a work of Kitchen Sink Realism and discuss the work in light of questions of class, gender and race in 1950s Britain - Movie Review Example The director has been very clever in handling the movie because body language says more than meet the words. Tony Richardson is also known for producing other movies like Jean Giraudx’s The Apollo of Bellac. He won an Academy award in 1964 for Best Director of the film Tom Jones. Dora Bryan (Helena), Jo’s mother, is a very selfish woman who is in constant pursuit of her own happiness. You can tell this by the way she combs her hair, puts on her lipstick or light the cigarette. Dora Bryan is also known for her role in Absolutely Fabulous. She won BAFTA awards as Best Actress in A Taste of Honey. Rita Tushingham, also known as Jo, plays the role of an adolescent girl who is also a working class. Her wide eyes show a mixture of fear and innocence. She is aware of her mother’s lack of love and she expresses this by bending her shoulders. She generally carries the weight of being unwanted. Rita Tushingham is known for her supporting roles in The Knack, Doctor Zhivago, just to mention a few. She was nominated Best Actress (BAFTA) in 1966 and also in 1962 Most Promising Newcomer for her role in ‘A Taste of Honey’. This movie is all about black and white people, gay and straight, mothers and daughters. Jo is a 17-year old school girl who lives wither promiscuous and domineering mother, Helen. Jo was longing for love and attention from her mother only for things to get worse between the two of them when her mother enters into a new relationship. This latest ‘romance’ drives Jo out of their apartment and she finds herself in the streets. She later spends the night with a black sailor who ended up impregnating her. Jo’s mother decides to abandon her and move in with her lover after which Jo finds a job and a room for herself. She then meets Geoffrey co-worker who is a shy and lonely homosexual and they agree to share a flat. She discovers later that she is pregnant with the sailor’s child and Geoffrey returns a favor by caring for

Stakeholder Impact Essay Example for Free

Stakeholder Impact Essay Stakeholder are groups of people who have interest in an organization and have the potential to impact or influence or to be impacted on, or to be influenced by the event. As good engagement with stakeholders is critical to successful event planning and delivery, therefore we should handle stakeholders and their needs carefully. If this crisis is poorly handled, it might create a wide impact on the event or even the event organization’s reputation. Therefore, it is very important to analyse each stakeholder, both individual and group, and then decide on the appropriate approach for each of them to keep them involved and supportive. In general, there are two types of stakeholder who can create impact to an organization or project which is internal stakeholder and external stakeholder. Internal stakeholders are people within the organization, for example employee, owner and shareholder. Therefore they can affect the hierarchy status using the formal power such as authority and senior position. They can also create influence to the organization culture with their leadership style or personal charisma. In addition, they can take control of strategic resources with their responsibility for strategic products. They also own the possession of knowledge and skills as they might own the expert knowledge to operate the project. For example, the balloonists in the hotair balloon event own the knowledge to fly the balloon. Other than that, internal stakeholder can control the environment due to their network relationships to external stakeholders. For example, the event planner of a company is the one who interact with the clients, so if he/she leaves the company, the clients might follow him/her too. Last but not the least is that they have involvement in strategy implementation, internal stakeholder have the decision power to do changes for example changing the supplier, suggesting other venue and so on. External stakeholders are people related to the project or organization who can affect and be affected by any decision made but not a member of them. They have the power to control the strategic resources. For example a monopolistic supplier has the power to decide the price and thus result in high cost for the organization. They also have involvement in strategy implementation; such external stakeholder may be strategic partners in distribution channels like media. They can also have to work together with the organization to find out the best way to send out the information to the target market. Other than that, they also have the possession of knowledge and skills. Examples are, organization outsources for subcontractors in order to utilize their expertise for the benefits of the organization.

Robert Cohns Struggle for Respect in The Sun Also Rises Essay

Robert Cohn's Struggle for Respect in The Sun Also Rises    Jake Barnes: "You're not an aficionado?" Spanish waiter: "Me? What are bulls? Animals. Brute animals... A cornada right through the back. For fun-you understand." (Hemingway, 67)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why does everybody hate Robert Cohn? At the beginning of Hemingway's novel, The Sun Also Rises, Jake Barnes, the story's point-of-view character, wants us to believe that he has at least some appreciation for Cohn. He relates some of Cohn's life for us, how at Princeton he was a middle weight boxing champ, how despite his physical prowess he had feelings of "shyness and inferiority...being treated as a Jew," (Hemingway, 11) his turbulent career as a magazine editor and his failed marriage. It's easy to begin to feel sorry for this guy. The only mistake he made was falling for Lady Brett Ashley. Cohn's infatuation with this heartless wench, coupled with the jealousy and competitive nature of the novel's other bon vivant characters, lead to his disgrace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brett Ashley is, from the start, a careless woman. A lady by marriage only, she has affairs with many men, breaks many hearts, and drinks lots of liquor. She wants to be the center of everyone's attention. She may be physically stunning, but she lacks class and restraint. Like the rest of the novel's main party, she has a taste for living the good life in disregard of the feelings and actions of others. It seems everyone loves or has loved her, including Jake Barnes. So Robert's unfortunate attraction to Brett Ashley has already heightened tensions between the male characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For a significant portion of the novel, Cohn is defending himself from the threats and name-calling of Mike, the man to whom Brett... ...on, he posed no great threat to the group and was more a victim of racism than of unrequited love. If his interest in Lady Brett amounted to anything, it was as a target for the jaded sentiments of his "fellow" bon vivants; someone should have clued Cohn in and told him he'd be better off staying in Paris. I suppose these sordid affairs only prove Hemingway's feelings, as expressed by Bill in the novel: "You're an expatriate. You've lost touch with the soil. You get precious. Fake European standards have ruined you. You drink yourself to death. You become obsessed by sex. You spend your time talking, not working." (120) Maybe Robert Cohn, a victim of this ruination, will know better than to waste his time with these dark-hearted dilettantes who hold costly ideas of enjoyment. Works Cited Hemingway, Ernest The Sun Also Rises. Scribner Paperbacks: NY, 1997.

Impact of Trade Liberalization of Bangladesh Essay

Introduction: There exists a wide range of theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The early literature focused mostly on the role of export in economic growth. The spectacular success of the outward oriented policies in the East Asian countries provided a basis for the adoption of such polices in developing countries like Bangladesh. Accordingly, the literature tried to support or reject the logic of universal application of export led growth policy in developing countries. The dynamic linkages between export and import or import and income did not receive much attention in this literature. But experience shows that in many countries export is highly dependent on import of capital goods and intermediate inputs as well as raw materials giving a case of bivariate causality between trade (export-import) and economic growth. The relationship between foreign trade and economic growth has long been discussed by different school of thought. The theoretical standpoints can be summarized in terms of technological know how, market expansion, resource allocation, ease of balance of payments, employment generation and income creation. (Hossain & Salim 2009). Karl Marx focuses on the role of exchange in economic growth. In his opinion, the expansion of production needs a growing market which will promote production continuously (Chen 2009). The classical school treats the foreign trade as a means of optimal distribution of resources and increasing productivity that stimulate economic growth. In similar vein is Alfred Marshall and his other neoclassical followers and they dictum that trade enhances growth because of the benefits of comparative advantage, full capacity utilization, greater economies of scale and increasing rate of investment and technological change (Krueger, 1978; Kavoussi, 1984). This school identifies five different ways in which foreign trade affects macroeconomics performance of a country: the revenue effect, capital accumulation effect, substitution effect, income distribution effect and the effect of the weighted elements. All these effects together imply that trade strengthens economic growth over time as an economy develops (Chen, 2009). The structuralist school led by Sir William Arthur Lewis (1915-1991) holds that in the dual economy model if the modern industrial sector produces export goods and the traditional agricultural sector produces import substitutes, then foreign trade would expand the market and lead to increase in production. The new growth theories which consider increasing returns to capital put more focus on trade as an argument of growth. According to these theories, international trade leads to technological diffusion that affects the medium and long term output growth of the developing countries by improving productivity. The new trade school (led by Paul Krugman) emphasizes the role of trade in economic growth through economies of scale and improving the optimal allocation of resources. It is claimed that international trade enables countries to specialize in goods and services by stimulating competition and promoting technological change based on â€Å"comparative and competitive advantage†. As a result, consumers would be able to consume more products of better quality at cheaper prices and therefore human welfare would be increased (Gupta at al. , 1997, World Bank, 2002). Economic growth is mainly depend on physical and human capital, technological progress, high rate of savings, macroeconomic stability, capital mobility, trade liberalization and so on. Trade plays important role on economic growth. There is a growing volume of empirical literature on the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth. In the 1970s and 1980s a number of studies examined the relationship between export and growth. Many such studies (see for example, Balassa, 1978; Feder, 1983; Heller & Porter, 1978; Kavoussi, 1984; Michaely, 1977; Ram, 1985; Tyler, 1981) supported the view that export growth promoted overall economic growth. Thus, there is a general question arises in mind: What are the impacts trade liberalization (from inwardness to the outward orientation) on economic growth? What are the dynamics and causality among export, imports and income? Bangladesh is striving hard to boost up its exports in order to meet the import payments, foreign debts, internal expenditure, maximize domestic welfare and also to reduce the country’s dependence on foreign aid grants. Therefore, since independence Bangladesh has experienced different policy regimes to enhance its foreign exchange earnings and rapid economic growth. Bangladesh has pursued a proactive policy of trade liberalization, characterized by removal of Quantitative Restrictions (QR), rationalization of tariff rates, a flexible exchange rate policy and active incentive structure for promoting the export sector and enhancing export sector performance. The objective of this paper is to examine the trade policy (from Inwardness to Openness), structural changes and performance of foreign trade and also examine the causality among export, imports and growth in Bangladesh. After analyzing these issues, some policy suggestions have been put forward to boost up the foreign trade sector so as to enhance foreign exchange earnings. 2. An Overview of Foreign Trade Polices of Bangladesh: From Inwardness to Openness/Trade Liberalization: In the current era of globalization, trade liberalization emerges as one of the most effective policy concerns for governments all over the world, especially for developing countries. Trade liberalization is believed to enhance economic growth and development through specialization and technological advances. In the post-war period, in line with the mainstream thinking, many developing countries adopted in inward-looking strategy of development. This strategy, particularly when it went beyond the easy first stage, led to distorted incentive and misallocation of resources. It favored import-substitution (advocates replacing imports with domestic production) at the cost of export. It also involved undue governmental intervention in the working of the market. Because of the widespread â€Å"government failure† to ensure adequate growth, and because of the successful example of export-led growth in South-East Asia, pendulum began to shift to trade liberalization and greater openness since the late 1970s and early 1980s. According to the World Development Report 1987, an outward-oriented strategy is defined as one in which the incentive structure is neutral between import-substitution and export production. Thus, an export-led growth strategy does not require a favored treatment for exports in the form of subsidies or other incentives; only a eutral policy regime which does not discriminate between domestic and export production. In a nutshell, the main requirements of this strategy would be moderate tariffs (preferable a uniform rate of tariff), dismantling of quantitative restrictions such as import licensing or quotas, a market-oriented exchange rate regime (as overvalued exchange rate would discriminate against exports and favor imports) and market-friendly laws and rules rather than discretionary controls. After independence in 1971, Bangladesh like her neighbors in South Asia pursued an inward-looking import-substitution strategy of growth. This was mainly characterized by the nationalization of all heavy industries and financial institutions. Import substitution policy (a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing imports with domestic production. It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products) was the basic premise of such state intruded and controlled development strategy where the role of the private sector was shriveled. The result of such a strategy was so painful that Bangladesh faced balance of payments (BOP) disequilibrium, foreign exchange shortage, and relatively low growth rate of national income and micro inefficiencies like inefficient import competing enterprises producing low quality products. Furthermore, the debt crisis in the early 1980 provided an important argument for trade reform. Consequently, since 1982 on being advised by the developed countries, along with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), Bangladesh has started to shift its trade strategy to a strong outward looking one as part of market oriented economic reforms (structural adjustment packages) particularly after the year of 1985.